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| Unknown | 1992-09-25 | 31.4 KB |
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|00000050| 4d 61 72 63 68 20 33 30 | 2c 20 31 39 38 31 01 01 |March 30|, 1981..|
|00000060| 45 43 4f 4e 4f 4d 59 20 | 26 20 42 55 53 49 4e 45 |ECONOMY |& BUSINE|
|00000070| 53 53 01 01 48 6f 77 20 | 4a 61 70 61 6e 20 44 6f |SS..How |Japan Do|
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|000000b0| 20 61 20 55 2e 53 2e 20 | 74 72 61 64 65 20 73 74 | a U.S. |trade st|
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|000005f0| 61 20 6d 65 6d 6f 20 61 | 72 67 75 69 6e 67 0d 0a |a memo a|rguing..|
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|00002a20| 20 6d 6f 73 74 20 65 78 | 63 72 75 63 69 61 74 69 | most ex|cruciati|
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|00002b60| 6c 74 75 72 61 6c 20 62 | 6f 72 72 6f 77 69 6e 67 |ltural b|orrowing|
|00002b70| 2c 20 74 68 65 20 4a 61 | 70 61 6e 65 73 65 0d 0a |, the Ja|panese..|
|00002b80| 68 61 76 65 20 72 65 6d | 61 69 6e 65 64 20 61 73 |have rem|ained as|
|00002b90| 74 6f 6e 69 73 68 69 6e | 67 6c 79 20 75 6e 63 68 |tonishin|gly unch|
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|00002bb0| 65 20 6d 6f 73 74 0d 0a | 69 6d 70 6f 72 74 61 6e |e most..|importan|
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|00002c00| 6f 6e 73 65 6e 73 75 73 | 20 62 79 20 63 6f 6d 70 |onsensus| by comp|
|00002c10| 72 6f 6d 69 73 69 6e 67 | 2e 20 41 73 69 61 6e 20 |romising|. Asian |
|00002c20| 53 63 68 6f 6c 61 72 20 | 45 64 77 69 6e 20 4c 65 |Scholar |Edwin Le|
|00002c30| 65 20 6f 66 0d 0a 48 61 | 6d 69 6c 74 6f 6e 20 43 |e of..Ha|milton C|
|00002c40| 6f 6c 6c 65 67 65 20 73 | 75 67 67 65 73 74 73 20 |ollege s|uggests |
|00002c50| 74 68 61 74 20 61 20 63 | 6c 75 65 20 74 6f 20 74 |that a c|lue to t|
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|00002c80| 65 73 65 20 77 6f 72 64 | 20 69 65 2c 20 61 20 63 |ese word| ie, a c|
|00002c90| 6f 6e 63 65 70 74 20 74 | 68 61 74 20 63 61 6e 20 |oncept t|hat can |
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|00002cc0| 76 65 72 79 74 68 69 6e | 67 20 66 72 6f 6d 20 73 |verythin|g from s|
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|00002cf0| 69 73 0d 0a 61 6e 20 65 | 78 74 65 6e 73 69 6f 6e |is..an e|xtension|
|00002d00| 20 6f 66 20 68 69 73 20 | 69 6d 6d 65 64 69 61 74 | of his |immediat|
|00002d10| 65 20 66 61 6d 69 6c 79 | 20 6d 65 6d 62 65 72 73 |e family| members|
|00002d20| 2c 20 68 69 73 20 63 6f | 6d 70 61 6e 79 2c 20 68 |, his co|mpany, h|
|00002d30| 69 73 0d 0a 63 6f 6d 6d | 75 6e 69 74 79 20 61 6e |is..comm|unity an|
|00002d40| 64 20 68 69 73 20 6e 61 | 74 69 6f 6e 20 61 73 20 |d his na|tion as |
|00002d50| 61 20 77 68 6f 6c 65 2e | 20 41 6c 6c 20 61 72 65 |a whole.| All are|
|00002d60| 20 62 6f 75 6e 64 20 74 | 6f 67 65 74 68 65 72 20 | bound t|ogether |
|00002d70| 69 6e 0d 0a 61 6e 20 65 | 6e 63 6f 6d 70 61 73 73 |in..an e|ncompass|
|00002d80| 69 6e 67 20 63 6f 6d 6d | 6f 6e 20 70 75 72 70 6f |ing comm|on purpo|
|00002d90| 73 65 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 4a | 61 70 61 6e 20 66 65 65 |se.....J|apan fee|
|00002da0| 6c 73 20 69 74 73 65 6c | 66 20 74 6f 20 62 65 20 |ls itsel|f to be |
|00002db0| 61 20 22 66 61 6d 69 6c | 79 22 20 62 65 63 61 75 |a "famil|y" becau|
|00002dc0| 73 65 20 69 6e 20 61 20 | 72 65 61 6c 20 73 65 6e |se in a |real sen|
|00002dd0| 73 65 0d 0a 6e 65 61 72 | 6c 79 20 65 76 65 72 79 |se..near|ly every|
|00002de0| 6f 6e 65 20 68 61 73 20 | 61 74 20 6c 65 61 73 74 |one has |at least|
|00002df0| 20 73 6f 6d 65 20 76 6f | 69 63 65 20 69 6e 20 72 | some vo|ice in r|
|00002e00| 75 6e 6e 69 6e 67 20 73 | 6f 63 69 65 74 79 2e 20 |unning s|ociety. |
|00002e10| 4e 6f 0d 0a 6d 61 74 74 | 65 72 20 77 68 61 74 20 |No..matt|er what |
|00002e20| 74 68 65 20 67 72 6f 75 | 70 2d 2d 66 72 6f 6d 20 |the grou|p--from |
|00002e30| 74 68 65 20 73 6d 61 6c | 6c 65 73 74 20 75 70 73 |the smal|lest ups|
|00002e40| 74 61 72 74 20 65 6e 74 | 65 72 70 72 69 73 65 20 |tart ent|erprise |
|00002e50| 74 6f 0d 0a 74 68 65 20 | 6c 61 72 67 65 73 74 20 |to..the |largest |
|00002e60| 6d 75 6c 74 69 62 69 6c | 6c 69 6f 6e 2d 64 6f 6c |multibil|lion-dol|
|00002e70| 6c 61 72 20 6d 75 6c 74 | 69 6e 61 74 69 6f 6e 61 |lar mult|inationa|
|00002e80| 6c 2d 2d 6e 6f 74 68 69 | 6e 67 20 67 65 74 73 20 |l--nothi|ng gets |
|00002e90| 64 6f 6e 65 0d 0a 75 6e | 74 69 6c 20 74 68 65 20 |done..un|til the |
|00002ea0| 70 65 6f 70 6c 65 20 69 | 6e 76 6f 6c 76 65 64 20 |people i|nvolved |
|00002eb0| 61 67 72 65 65 2e 20 54 | 68 65 20 4a 61 70 61 6e |agree. T|he Japan|
|00002ec0| 65 73 65 20 63 61 6c 6c | 20 74 68 69 73 0d 0a 6e |ese call| this..n|
|00002ed0| 65 6d 61 77 61 73 68 69 | 20 28 72 6f 6f 74 20 62 |emawashi| (root b|
|00002ee0| 69 6e 64 69 6e 67 29 2e | 20 4a 75 73 74 20 61 73 |inding).| Just as|
|00002ef0| 20 61 20 67 61 72 64 65 | 6e 65 72 20 63 61 72 65 | a garde|ner care|
|00002f00| 66 75 6c 6c 79 20 77 72 | 61 70 73 20 61 6c 6c 0d |fully wr|aps all.|
|00002f10| 0a 74 68 65 20 72 6f 6f | 74 73 20 6f 66 20 61 20 |.the roo|ts of a |
|00002f20| 74 72 65 65 20 74 6f 67 | 65 74 68 65 72 20 62 65 |tree tog|ether be|
|00002f30| 66 6f 72 65 20 68 65 20 | 61 74 74 65 6d 70 74 73 |fore he |attempts|
|00002f40| 20 74 6f 20 74 72 61 6e | 73 70 6c 61 6e 74 0d 0a | to tran|splant..|
|00002f50| 69 74 2c 20 4a 61 70 61 | 6e 65 73 65 20 6c 65 61 |it, Japa|nese lea|
|00002f60| 64 65 72 73 20 62 72 69 | 6e 67 20 61 6c 6c 20 6d |ders bri|ng all m|
|00002f70| 65 6d 62 65 72 73 20 6f | 66 20 73 6f 63 69 65 74 |embers o|f societ|
|00002f80| 79 20 74 6f 67 65 74 68 | 65 72 0d 0a 62 65 66 6f |y togeth|er..befo|
|00002f90| 72 65 20 61 6e 20 69 6d | 70 6f 72 74 61 6e 74 20 |re an im|portant |
|00002fa0| 64 65 63 69 73 69 6f 6e | 20 69 73 20 6d 61 64 65 |decision| is made|
|00002fb0| 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 54 68 65 | 20 72 65 73 75 6c 74 20 |.....The| result |
|00002fc0| 69 73 20 61 6e 20 6f 66 | 74 65 6e 20 74 65 64 69 |is an of|ten tedi|
|00002fd0| 6f 75 73 2c 20 61 6e 64 | 20 73 6f 6d 65 74 69 6d |ous, and| sometim|
|00002fe0| 65 73 20 69 6e 74 65 72 | 6d 69 6e 61 62 6c 65 2c |es inter|minable,|
|00002ff0| 0d 0a 70 72 6f 63 65 73 | 73 20 6f 66 20 63 6f 6d |..proces|s of com|
|00003000| 70 72 6f 6d 69 73 65 20 | 69 6e 20 74 68 65 20 70 |promise |in the p|
|00003010| 75 72 73 75 69 74 20 6f | 66 20 63 6f 6e 73 65 6e |ursuit o|f consen|
|00003020| 73 75 73 2e 20 42 75 74 | 20 69 6e 20 74 68 65 0d |sus. But| in the.|
|00003030| 0a 65 6e 64 20 74 68 65 | 20 67 72 6f 75 70 20 61 |.end the| group a|
|00003040| 73 20 61 20 77 68 6f 6c | 65 20 62 65 6e 65 66 69 |s a whol|e benefi|
|00003050| 74 73 20 62 65 63 61 75 | 73 65 20 61 6c 6c 20 6d |ts becau|se all m|
|00003060| 65 6d 62 65 72 73 20 61 | 72 65 0d 0a 61 6c 69 67 |embers a|re..alig|
|00003070| 6e 65 64 20 62 65 68 69 | 6e 64 20 74 68 65 20 73 |ned behi|nd the s|
|00003080| 61 6d 65 20 67 6f 61 6c | 2e 0d 0a 0d 0a 46 55 54 |ame goal|.....FUT|
|00003090| 55 52 49 53 4d 2e 20 4a | 61 70 61 6e 65 73 65 20 |URISM. J|apanese |
|000030a0| 73 6f 63 69 65 74 79 20 | 69 73 20 66 6f 72 77 61 |society |is forwa|
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|000030c0| 6d 61 6e 6e 65 72 20 74 | 68 61 74 0d 0a 69 73 20 |manner t|hat..is |
|000030d0| 64 69 66 66 69 63 75 6c | 74 20 66 6f 72 20 57 65 |difficul|t for We|
|000030e0| 73 74 65 72 6e 65 72 73 | 20 74 6f 20 75 6e 64 65 |sterners| to unde|
|000030f0| 72 73 74 61 6e 64 2e 20 | 49 6e 64 69 76 69 64 75 |rstand. |Individu|
|00003100| 61 6c 73 20 61 72 65 20 | 73 65 65 6e 0d 0a 74 6f |als are |seen..to|
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|00003140| 20 61 73 20 61 20 77 68 | 6f 6c 65 3b 0d 0a 63 6f | as a wh|ole;..co|
|00003150| 72 70 6f 72 61 74 69 6f | 6e 73 20 61 72 65 20 6e |rporatio|ns are n|
|00003160| 6f 74 20 61 66 74 65 72 | 20 74 68 65 20 71 75 69 |ot after| the qui|
|00003170| 63 6b 20 70 61 79 6f 66 | 66 20 6f 72 20 62 69 67 |ck payof|f or big|
|00003180| 20 71 75 61 72 74 65 72 | 6c 79 0d 0a 6a 75 6d 70 | quarter|ly..jump|
|00003190| 73 20 69 6e 20 73 68 61 | 72 65 68 6f 6c 64 65 72 |s in sha|reholder|
|000031a0| 20 64 69 76 69 64 65 6e | 64 73 2c 20 62 75 74 20 | dividen|ds, but |
|000031b0| 61 20 73 6f 6c 69 64 20 | 6d 61 72 6b 65 74 20 70 |a solid |market p|
|000031c0| 6f 73 69 74 69 6f 6e 20 | 74 68 61 74 0d 0a 77 69 |osition |that..wi|
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|00003200| 61 6e 64 0d 0a 67 6f 76 | 65 72 6e 6d 65 6e 74 20 |and..gov|ernment |
|00003210| 6c 6f 6f 6b 20 66 69 76 | 65 2c 20 74 65 6e 2c 20 |look fiv|e, ten, |
|00003220| 65 76 65 6e 20 32 30 20 | 79 65 61 72 73 20 61 68 |even 20 |years ah|
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|00003260| 2e 20 53 61 79 73 20 45 | 69 73 68 69 72 6f 20 53 |. Says E|ishiro S|
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|00003280| 6f 66 0d 0a 4e 69 70 70 | 6f 6e 20 53 74 65 65 6c |of..Nipp|on Steel|
|00003290| 3a 20 20 22 45 78 65 63 | 75 74 69 76 65 73 20 69 |: "Exec|utives i|
|000032a0| 6e 20 4a 61 70 61 6e 20 | 6d 75 73 74 20 63 6f 6e |n Japan |must con|
|000032b0| 73 74 61 6e 74 6c 79 20 | 64 6f 20 74 68 65 69 72 |stantly |do their|
|000032c0| 0d 0a 75 74 6d 6f 73 74 | 20 74 6f 20 70 72 6f 76 |..utmost| to prov|
|000032d0| 69 64 65 20 65 6d 70 6c | 6f 79 65 65 73 20 61 6e |ide empl|oyees an|
|000032e0| 64 20 74 68 65 69 72 20 | 66 61 6d 69 6c 69 65 73 |d their |families|
|000032f0| 20 77 69 74 68 20 61 20 | 73 74 61 62 6c 65 0d 0a | with a |stable..|
|00003300| 6c 69 66 65 20 61 6e 64 | 20 68 6f 70 65 20 66 6f |life and| hope fo|
|00003310| 72 20 74 68 65 20 66 75 | 74 75 72 65 2e 22 0d 0a |r the fu|ture."..|
|00003320| 0d 0a 4f 6e 65 20 72 65 | 61 73 6f 6e 20 74 68 61 |..One re|ason tha|
|00003330| 74 20 74 68 65 20 63 6f | 6d 70 61 6e 69 65 73 20 |t the co|mpanies |
|00003340| 61 72 65 20 6e 6f 74 20 | 75 6e 64 65 72 20 63 6f |are not |under co|
|00003350| 6e 73 74 61 6e 74 20 70 | 72 65 73 73 75 72 65 0d |nstant p|ressure.|
|00003360| 0a 66 6f 72 20 66 61 73 | 74 20 70 72 6f 66 69 74 |.for fas|t profit|
|00003370| 73 20 69 73 20 74 68 61 | 74 20 6d 75 63 68 20 6f |s is tha|t much o|
|00003380| 66 20 4a 61 70 61 6e 65 | 73 65 20 69 6e 64 75 73 |f Japane|se indus|
|00003390| 74 72 79 20 69 73 20 6f | 77 6e 65 64 20 62 79 0d |try is o|wned by.|
|000033a0| 0a 62 61 6e 6b 73 20 61 | 6e 64 20 6e 6f 74 20 62 |.banks a|nd not b|
|000033b0| 79 20 69 6e 64 69 76 69 | 64 75 61 6c 20 73 68 61 |y indivi|dual sha|
|000033c0| 72 65 68 6f 6c 64 65 72 | 73 2e 20 4d 61 6a 6f 72 |reholder|s. Major|
|000033d0| 20 68 6f 6c 64 69 6e 67 | 73 20 6f 66 0d 0a 6d 61 | holding|s of..ma|
|000033e0| 6e 79 20 6f 66 20 74 68 | 65 20 63 6f 75 6e 74 72 |ny of th|e countr|
|000033f0| 79 27 73 20 62 69 67 67 | 65 73 74 20 61 6e 64 20 |y's bigg|est and |
|00003400| 62 65 73 74 2d 6b 6e 6f | 77 6e 20 63 6f 6d 70 61 |best-kno|wn compa|
|00003410| 6e 69 65 73 2c 20 73 75 | 63 68 20 61 73 0d 0a 54 |nies, su|ch as..T|
|00003420| 6f 73 68 69 62 61 2c 20 | 46 75 6a 69 74 73 75 20 |oshiba, |Fujitsu |
|00003430| 61 6e 64 20 6e 69 70 70 | 6f 6e 20 53 74 65 65 6c |and nipp|on Steel|
|00003440| 2c 20 72 65 73 74 20 77 | 69 74 68 20 62 61 6e 6b |, rest w|ith bank|
|00003450| 73 20 74 68 61 74 20 61 | 72 65 20 6c 65 73 73 0d |s that a|re less.|
|00003460| 0a 69 6e 74 65 72 65 73 | 74 65 64 20 69 6e 20 73 |.interes|ted in s|
|00003470| 68 6f 72 74 2d 72 61 6e | 67 65 20 64 69 76 69 64 |hort-ran|ge divid|
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|00003490| 61 6e 20 69 6e 20 73 65 | 65 69 6e 67 0d 0a 74 68 |an in se|eing..th|
|000034a0| 65 69 72 20 66 69 72 6d | 73 27 20 70 72 6f 66 69 |eir firm|s' profi|
|000034b0| 74 73 20 72 65 69 6e 76 | 65 73 74 65 64 20 74 6f |ts reinv|ested to|
|000034c0| 20 65 6e 73 75 72 65 20 | 66 75 74 75 72 65 20 67 | ensure |future g|
|000034d0| 72 6f 77 74 68 2e 0d 0a | 0d 0a 54 68 69 73 20 6c |rowth...|..This l|
|000034e0| 6f 6e 67 2d 68 61 75 6c | 20 6d 65 6e 74 61 6c 69 |ong-haul| mentali|
|000034f0| 74 79 20 69 73 20 72 65 | 66 6c 65 63 74 65 64 20 |ty is re|flected |
|00003500| 69 6e 20 4a 61 70 61 6e | 27 73 20 64 65 64 69 63 |in Japan|'s dedic|
|00003510| 61 74 69 6f 6e 20 74 6f | 0d 0a 73 61 76 69 6e 67 |ation to|..saving|
|00003520| 73 2e 20 4e 6f 74 68 69 | 6e 67 20 68 61 73 20 67 |s. Nothi|ng has g|
|00003530| 69 76 65 6e 20 6d 6f 72 | 65 20 6d 6f 6d 65 6e 74 |iven mor|e moment|
|00003540| 75 6d 20 74 6f 20 74 68 | 65 20 4a 61 70 61 6e 65 |um to th|e Japane|
|00003550| 73 65 0d 0a 65 63 6f 6e | 6f 6d 69 63 20 6a 75 67 |se..econ|omic jug|
|00003560| 67 65 72 6e 61 75 74 20 | 74 68 61 6e 20 74 68 65 |gernaut |than the|
|00003570| 20 70 72 6f 70 65 6e 73 | 69 74 79 20 6f 66 20 69 | propens|ity of i|
|00003580| 74 73 20 63 69 74 69 7a | 65 6e 73 2c 20 6e 6f 0d |ts citiz|ens, no.|
|00003590| 0a 6d 61 74 74 65 72 20 | 68 6f 77 20 77 65 61 6c |.matter |how weal|
|000035a0| 74 68 79 20 6f 72 20 6d | 6f 64 65 73 74 20 74 68 |thy or m|odest th|
|000035b0| 65 69 72 20 6d 65 61 6e | 73 2c 20 74 6f 20 73 61 |eir mean|s, to sa|
|000035c0| 76 65 20 74 68 65 69 72 | 20 6d 6f 6e 65 79 2e 0d |ve their| money..|
|000035d0| 0a 54 68 65 69 72 20 64 | 65 70 6f 73 69 74 73 20 |.Their d|eposits |
|000035e0| 68 61 76 65 20 67 69 76 | 65 6e 20 74 68 65 20 6e |have giv|en the n|
|000035f0| 61 74 69 6f 6e 27 73 20 | 69 6e 64 75 73 74 72 79 |ation's |industry|
|00003600| 20 74 68 65 20 63 61 70 | 69 74 61 6c 20 69 74 0d | the cap|ital it.|
|00003610| 0a 68 61 73 20 6e 65 65 | 64 65 64 20 74 6f 20 6b |.has nee|ded to k|
|00003620| 65 65 70 20 4a 61 70 61 | 6e 65 73 65 20 70 6c 61 |eep Japa|nese pla|
|00003630| 6e 74 73 20 6d 6f 64 65 | 72 6e 20 61 6e 64 20 70 |nts mode|rn and p|
|00003640| 72 6f 64 75 63 74 69 76 | 65 2e 20 53 61 79 73 0d |roductiv|e. Says.|
|00003650| 0a 4a 61 6d 65 73 20 41 | 62 65 67 67 6c 65 6e 20 |.James A|begglen |
|00003660| 6f 66 20 74 68 65 20 42 | 6f 73 74 6f 6e 20 43 6f |of the B|oston Co|
|00003670| 6e 73 75 6c 74 69 6e 67 | 20 47 72 6f 75 70 2c 20 |nsulting| Group, |
|00003680| 77 68 69 63 68 20 68 61 | 73 0d 0a 63 6f 6e 64 75 |which ha|s..condu|
|00003690| 63 74 65 64 20 6e 75 6d | 65 72 6f 75 73 20 73 74 |cted num|erous st|
|000036a0| 75 64 69 65 73 20 6f 66 | 20 4a 61 70 61 6e 65 73 |udies of| Japanes|
|000036b0| 65 20 62 75 73 69 6e 65 | 73 73 3a 20 20 22 54 68 |e busine|ss: "Th|
|000036c0| 65 20 74 68 69 6e 67 0d | 0a 74 68 61 74 20 68 61 |e thing.|.that ha|
|000036d0| 73 20 65 6e 61 62 6c 65 | 64 20 4a 61 70 61 6e 20 |s enable|d Japan |
|000036e0| 74 6f 20 67 65 74 20 74 | 6f 20 74 68 65 20 74 6f |to get t|o the to|
|000036f0| 70 20 61 6e 64 20 73 74 | 61 79 20 74 68 65 72 65 |p and st|ay there|
|00003700| 20 69 73 0d 0a 73 61 76 | 69 6e 67 73 2e 20 53 61 | is..sav|ings. Sa|
|00003710| 76 69 6e 67 20 6f 66 20 | 61 6c 6c 20 6b 69 6e 64 |ving of |all kind|
|00003720| 73 2d 2d 67 6f 76 65 72 | 6e 6d 65 6e 74 2c 20 63 |s--gover|nment, c|
|00003730| 6f 72 70 6f 72 61 74 65 | 2c 20 70 65 72 73 6f 6e |orporate|, person|
|00003740| 61 6c 2e 22 0d 0a 44 75 | 72 69 6e 67 20 31 39 38 |al."..Du|ring 198|
|00003750| 30 2c 20 4a 61 70 61 6e | 65 73 65 20 77 6f 72 6b |0, Japan|ese work|
|00003760| 65 72 73 20 73 61 76 65 | 64 20 61 6e 20 65 73 74 |ers save|d an est|
|00003770| 69 6d 61 74 65 64 20 32 | 30 25 20 6f 66 20 74 68 |imated 2|0% of th|
|00003780| 65 69 72 0d 0a 69 6e 64 | 69 76 69 64 75 61 6c 20 |eir..ind|ividual |
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